The purpose of this study was to test the effects of a conventional exercise program designed for correcting postural and coordination abnormalities in patients with mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). Using principles of motor learning applied to functional exercise training, exercises were performed while lying, sitting, standing and walking, with the goal of improving intra- and inter-limb coordination in the upper and lower extremities, postural stability and gait pattern. Twenty-two participants with TBI-related deficits received therapy in a supervised outpatient clinic. Therapy included 20 sessions, each approximately 55 to 60 min in duration, scheduled four to five times a week over four consecutive weeks. Each participant was evaluated with a battery of clinical tests at baseline and immediately after therapy. Upon completion of the therapy, participants improved static and dynamic postural stability and gait, evaluated with the Berg Balance Scale (from 45.2 ± 5.9 to 49.2 ± 4.2 points) and the Functional Gait Assessment (from 22.8 ± 4.1 to 26.9 ± 3.4 points). They also reduced truncal, upper and lower extremity ataxia, evaluated with the Ataxia Scale (from 7.3 ± 4.5 to 5.9 ± 4.2 points). Results will be used to refine the current version of the exercise therapy, which focused on whole body coordination and balance, and to design a large-scale clinical trial establishing effectiveness of this intervention and for comparison with other forms of therapy.

It is defined as a series of gradual progressive— exercises designed to increase coordination.

Frenkel Exercises are a series of motions of increasing difficulty performed by ataxic patients to facilitate the restoration of coordination. Frenkel's exercises are used to bring back the rhythmic, smooth and coordinated movements. H S Frenkel was a physician from Switzerland who aimed at establishing voluntary control of movement by the. Frenkel is a colon and rectal surgeon in Suffolk, Virginia and is affiliated with one hospital. He has been in practice between 11-20 years. When choosing a provider, it can be.

Method of treating the ataxia & in coordination.

—Mechanism is based on voluntary control of movement by use of sensory mechanism i.e sight, sound & touch to compensate for the loss of kinesthetic sensation.

—Essentials are

1. Concentration of attention
2. Precision

III. Repetition

—TECHNIQUE of Frenkel’s exercises

—Position & clothing

—Explanation of exercise

—Attention of patient

—Speed of movement

—ROM by marking spots

—Repetition of exercises

—Rest periods

—PROGRESSION of Frenkel’s exercises

—Made alteration in speed, range & complexity

—Quick movements, less control

—Slow movement, high control

—Simple movements build up to form complex movements e.g walking

—According to disability re-education starts from lying to standing.

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—Frankel’s exercises For The Legs In Lying

a)Lying(Head raised); Hip abduction& adduction Edexcel a level business textbook answers.

b)Lying(Head raised);one Hip & knee flexion & Extension

c)Lying(Head raised); one Leg raising to place Heel on the specific mark

d)Lying(Head raised); Hip & Knee flexion & extension, abduction & adduction

—Frankel’s exercises For The Legs In Sitting

a)Sitting; one Leg stretching, to side heel to a position indicated by a mark on the floor.

b)Sitting; alternate Leg stretching & lifting to place Heel or Toe on specified mark.

c)Stride sitting; change to standing and then sit down again.

—Exercise For The Legs In Standing

a)Stride standing; transference of weight from Foot to Foot.

b)Stride standing; walking sideways placing Feet on marks on the floor.

c)Standing;walking placing Feet on marks.

d)Standing; turn around.

e)Standing; walking and changing direction to avoid obstacles.

—Exercises For The Arms

a)Sitting (one Arm supported on a table or in slings); Shoulder flexion or extension to place Hand on a specified mark.

b)Sitting; one Arm stretching, to thread it through a small loop or ring.

c)Sitting; picking up objects and putting them down on specified marks.

—EXERCISES TO PROMOTE MOVEMENT AND RHYTHM

—All exercises are repeated to rhythmic count.

a)Sitting; one Hip flexion & adduction.

b)Half lying; one Leg abduction to bring knee to side of plinth, followed by one Knee bending to put Foot on floor, the movement is then reversed & repeated.

c)Sitting; lean forward and take weight on Feet(as if to stand), then sit down again.

d)Standing; Arms swing forwards & backwards(with partner holding two sticks).

e)Standing or walking; bounce & catch, or throw & catch a ball.

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